DOLCEmini.owl
type: Ontology
version info: 397
version info: classified
comment: DOLCEmini module, made by manually removing classes and properties (and therewith the axioms they were used in) that did not seem needed. Created by Maria Keet.
comment: The DOLCE and DnS ontologies. OWL engineering by Aldo Gangemi.

atomic-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
inverse of: atomic-part-of
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: The part relation between a particular and an atom.

constant-participant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participant
inverse of: constant-participant-in
domain: perdurant
range: endurant
comment: Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant.Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').

generic-constituent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: generic-constituent-of
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: 'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.

has-quale
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: q-location
inverse of: quale-of
domain: quality
range: quale
comment: A quality having a q-location at an atomic region.

immediate-relation-i
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.

inherent-in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: quality
range: particular
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities.

mediated-relation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation.Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms.

overlaps
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediated-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: Mereological overlap: having a common part.

part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: part-of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: The most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive.

participant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: participant-in
domain: perdurant
range: endurant
comment: The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants (e.g. in 'the car is running').Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').A 'functional' participant is specialized for those forms of participation that depend on the nature of participants, processes, or on the intentionality of agentive participants. Traditional 'thematic role' should be mapped to functional participation.For relations holding between participants in a same perdurant, see the co-participates relation.

proper-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
inverse of: proper-part-of
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: The proper part relation: irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive.

q-location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: q-location-of
domain: quality
range: region
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and regions. See 'generic location' branching for the various mediated relations that embed q-location.

r-location
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: r-location-of
domain: region
range: region
comment: A relation for representing regions within other regions, e.g. in measurement spaces (space composition).The result of r-location composition is a new 'composed region', which can either preserve the same region type (e.g. physical+physical->physical, or physical+abstract->physical), or not (e.g. physical+abstract->abstract). See 'composition description' for more details.In some cases, space composition is conventional, i.e. a space is just 'located' at another space, as in the case of measurement spaces:(direct composition): r r-location r1In other cases, r-location implies a complex path, e.g. :(homogeneous composition): r q-location-of q inherent-in x has-quality q1 q-location r1(heterogeneous composition across endurants and perdurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in e participant-in p has-quality q1 q-location r1(heterogeneous composition across physical and non-physical endurants): r q-location-of q inherent-in pe specific-constant-dependent npe has-quality q1 q-location r1

sibling-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediated-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: Mereological sibling: having a common whole

specific-constant-constituent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: specific-constant-constituent-of
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: 'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.

specific-constant-dependent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: The constant dependence between two individuals. Taken here as primitive.

strong-connection
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediated-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: By strong connection here we mean a connection between two entities that share a boundary.

t-inherent-in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: inherent-in
domain: quality
range: particular
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities at time t.

temporary-atomic-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporary-proper-part
inverse of: temporary-atomic-part-of
domain: endurant
range: endurant
comment: Having an atom as part at a time t.

temporary-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part
inverse of: temporary-part-of
domain: endurant
range: endurant
comment: Being part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. In FOL, this is expressed as a ternary relation, but in DLs we only can reason with binary relations, then only the necessary axiom of compresence is represented here.

temporary-participant
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participant
inverse of: temporary-participant-in
domain: perdurant
range: endurant
comment: Only some parts of the perdurant p have a participant e.In fact, participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').Implicitly, this relation has a temporal indexing.If needed, in OWL one can derive such indexing by expliciting what parts of p have e as _constant_ participant.An appropriate OWL axiom is created to bind this relation to a proper part of it, which has the temporary-participant as a constant one.

temporary-participant-in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participant-in
domain: endurant
range: perdurant
comment: x participates in some of y's parts.

temporary-proper-part
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: proper-part
sub property of: temporary-part
inverse of: temporary-proper-part-of
domain: endurant
range: endurant
comment: Being proper part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model proper parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole.

weak-connection
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: The basic connection, not requiring a common boundary.

abstract
type: Class
subclass of: particular
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: Class
    complement of: spatial-location q
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: Class
    complement of: temporal-location q
disjoint with: endurant
disjoint with: perdurant
disjoint with: quality
comment: The main characteristic of abstract entities is that they do not have spatial nor temporal qualities, and they are not qualities themselves. The only class of abstract entities we consider in the present version of the upper ontology is that of quality regions (or simply regions). Quality spaces are special kinds of quality regions, being mereological sums of all the regions related to a certain quality type. The other examples of abstract entities (sets and facts) are only indicative.

abstract-quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inherent-in
  some values from: non-physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: abstract-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location
  all values from: abstract-region
disjoint with: physical-quality
disjoint with: temporal-quality
comment: A quality inherent in a non-physical endurant.

abstract-region
type: Class
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: abstract-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location-of
  all values from: abstract-quality
disjoint with: physical-region
disjoint with: temporal-region
comment: A region at which only abstract qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for abstract (neither physical nor temporal) properties.

accomplishment
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).

achievement
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).

amount-of-matter
type: Class
subclass of: physical-endurant
disjoint with: feature
disjoint with: physical-object
comment: The common trait of amounts of matter is that they are endurants with no unity (according to Gangemi et a. 2001 none of them is an essential whole). Amounts of matter - 'stuffs' referred to by mass nouns like 'gold', 'iron', 'wood', 'sand', 'meat', etc. - are mereologically invariant, in the sense that they change their identity when they change some parts.

dependent-place
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: A feature that is not part of its host, like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree.

endurant
type: Class
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participant-in
  some values from: perdurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
  all values from: endurant
disjoint with: perdurant
disjoint with: quality
comment: The main characteristic of endurants is that all of them are independent essential wholes. This does not mean that the corresponding property (being an endurant) carries proper unity, since there is no common unity criterion for endurants. Endurants can 'genuinely' change in time, in the sense that the very same endurant as a whole can have incompatible properties at different times. To see this, suppose that an endurant - say 'this paper' - has a property at a time t 'it's white', and a different, incompatible property at time t' 'it's yellow': in both cases we refer to the whole object, without picking up any particular part of it. Within endurants, we distinguish between physical and non-physical endurants, according to whether they have direct spatial qualities. Within physical endurants, we distinguish between amounts of matter, objects, and features.

event
type: Class
subclass of: perdurant
comment: An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.In general, events differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which an event of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align an event-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical events under 'event', e.g. 'discharge', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive discharge events, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation…

feature
type: Class
subclass of: physical-endurant
disjoint with: physical-object
comment: Features are 'parasitic entities', that exist insofar their host exists. Typical examples of features are holes, bumps, boundaries, or spots of color. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge, or dependent regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. All features are essential wholes, but no common unity criterion may exist for all of them. However, typical features have a topological unity, as they are singular entities.Here only features of physical endurants are considered.

non-physical-endurant
type: Class
subclass of: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: abstract-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: non-physical-endurant
disjoint with: physical-endurant
comment: An endurant with no mass, generically constantly depending on some agent. Non-physical endurants can have physical constituents (e.g. in the case of members of a collection).

non-physical-object
type: Class
subclass of: non-physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: non-physical-object
comment: Formerly known as description. A unitary endurant with no mass (non-physical), generically constantly depending on some agent, on some communication act, and indirectly on some agent participating in that act. Both descriptions (in the now current sense) and concepts are non-physical objects.

particular
type: Class
comment: AKA 'entity'.Any individual in the DOLCE domain of discourse. The extensional coverage of DOLCE is as large as possible, since it ranges on 'possibilia', i.e all possible individuals that can be postulated by means of DOLCE axioms. Possibilia include physical objects, substances, processes, qualities, conceptual regions, non-physical objects, collections and even arbitrary sums of objects.The class 'particular' features a covering partition that includes: endurant, perdurant, quality, and abstract. There are also some subclasses defined as unions of subclasses of 'particular' for special purposes: spatio-temporal-particular (any particular except abstracts)- physical-realization (any realization of an information object, defined in the ExtendedDnS ontology).

perdurant
type: Class
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  some values from: temporal-location q
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participant
  some values from: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: temporal-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: perdurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
  all values from: perdurant
disjoint with: quality
comment: Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time).

physical-endurant
type: Class
subclass of: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  some values from: physical-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  some values from: spatial-location q
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: physical-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
  all values from: physical-endurant
comment: An endurant having a direct physical (at least spatial) quality.

physical-object
type: Class
subclass of: physical-endurant
comment: The main characteristic of physical objects is that they are endurants with unity. However, they have no common unity criterion, since different subtypes of objects may have different unity criteria. Differently from aggregates, (most) physical objects change some of their parts while keeping their identity, they can have therefore temporary parts. Often physical objects (indeed, all endurants) are ontologically independent from occurrences (discussed below). However, if we admit that every object has a life, it is hard to exclude a mutual specific constant dependence between the two. Nevertheless, we may still use the notion of dependence to (weakly) characterize objects as being not specifically constantly dependent on other objects.

physical-quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inherent-in
  some values from: physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: physical-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location
  all values from: physical-region
disjoint with: temporal-quality
comment: A quality inherent in a physical endurant.

physical-region
type: Class
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: physical-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location-of
  all values from: physical-quality
disjoint with: temporal-region
comment: A region at which only physical qualities can be directly located. It assumes some metrics for physical properties.

process
type: Class
subclass of: stative
comment: Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings. In general, processes differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion. On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a process of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation. Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a process-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical processes under 'process', e.g. 'organic process', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive organic processes, these will be put under 'situation'. Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE. A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another). In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift …

quale
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: region
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: atomic-part-of
    some values from: region
comment: An atomic region.

quality
type: Class
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inherent-in
  some values from: particular
comment: Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges... 'Quality' is often used as a synonymous of 'property', but this is not the case in this upper ontology: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities: every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists.

quality-space
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: region
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: overlaps
    all values from: Class
      complement of: quality-space
comment: A quality space is a topologically maximal region. The constraint of maximality cannot be given completely in OWL, but a constraint is given that creates a partition out of all quality spaces (e.g. no two quality spaces can overlap mereologically).

region
type: Class
subclass of: abstract
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: region
comment: We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its value (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain conceptual space (called here quality space) Gardenfors (2000). So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale.

relevant-part
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: Features that are relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge.

space-region
type: Class
subclass of: physical-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: space-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location-of
  all values from: spatial-location q
comment: An ordinary space: geographical, cosmological, anatomical, topographic, etc.

spatial-location q
type: Class
subclass of: physical-quality
comment: A physical quality, q-located in (whose value is given within) ordinary spaces (geographical coordinates, cosmological positions, anatomical axes, etc.).

spatio-temporal-particular
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: particular
  intersection of: Class
    union of: endurant
    union of: perdurant
    union of: quality
comment: Dummy class for optimizing some property universes. It includes all entities that are not reifications of universals ('abstracts'), i.e. those entities that are in space-time.

spatio-temporal-region
type: Class
subclass of: space-region
comment: Any region resulting from the composition of a space region with a temporal region, i.e. being present in region r at time t.

state
type: Class
subclass of: stative
comment: Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings.In general, states differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a state of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a state-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical states under 'state', e.g. 'turgor', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive turgor states, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) …

stative
type: Class
subclass of: perdurant
comment: An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.

temporal-location q
type: Class
subclass of: temporal-quality
comment: A temporal location quality.

temporal-quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inherent-in
  some values from: perdurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: temporal-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location
  all values from: temporal-region
comment: A quality inherent in a perdurant.

temporal-region
type: Class
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part
  all values from: temporal-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: q-location-of
  all values from: temporal-quality
comment: A region at which only temporal qualities can be directly located. It assumes a metrics for time.

time-interval
type: Class
subclass of: temporal-region
comment: A temporal region, measured according to a calendar.