This is SUMOmini, created by Maria Keet. I mainly deleted the instances and domain concept directly subsumed by owl:Thing and some weird proeprties, like the 'absolute height of an aircraft'.
A provisional and necessarily lossy translation to OWL. Please see www.ontologyportal.org for the original KIF, which is the authoritative source. This software is released under the GNU Public License www.gnu.org. YAGO mapping thanks to http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~gdemelo/yagosumo/ . WordNet content thanks to http://wordnet.cogsci.edu
Produced on date: Sun May 09 18:37:01 PDT 2010
constitution
(ConstitutionFn ?AREA) denotes a class containing all Constitutions adopted by the government of the GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (ConstitutionFn UnitedStates) contains the ConstitutionOfTheUnitedStates.
absolute value
The value of (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
abstraction
A UnaryFunction that maps a Class into the instance of Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the Class.
begin
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval begins.
begin node
A UnaryFunction that maps a GraphPath to the GraphNode that is the beginning of the GraphPath. Note that, unlike InitialNodeFn (which relates a GraphArc to a GraphNode), BeginNodeFn is a total function - every GraphPath has a beginning.
cardinality
(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the SetOrClass ?CLASS or the number of members in the ?CLASS Collection.
complement
The complement of a given SetOrClass C is the SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.
end
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimeInterval to the TimePoint at which the interval ends.
extension
A UnaryFunction that maps an Attribute into the Class whose condition for membership is the Attribute.
first
(FirstFn ?LIST) returns the first item in the List ?LIST. For example, (FirstFn (ListFn Monday Tuesday Wednesday)) would return the value of Monday.
floor
(FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest Integer less than or equal to the RealNumber ?NUMBER.
flow
(FlowFn ?FLUID) denotes the Motion process associated with the constitutive pieces of the FlowRegion ?FLUID.
front
A Function that maps an Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the range of this Function is indefinite in much the way that ImmediateFutureFn and ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.
future
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at PositiveInfinity.
geographic center
(GeographicCenterFn ?REGION) denotes the geographical center of the GeographicArea ?REGION.
imaginary part
(ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.
inner boundary
(InnerBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the inner boundary of the Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and outer orientation with respect to another object.
outer boundary
(OuterBoundaryFn ?REGION) denotes the outer boundary of the Region ?REGION, where ?REGION has an inner and outer orientation with respect to another object.
past
A UnaryFunction that maps a TimePosition to the TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at NegativeInfinity.
predecessor
A UnaryFunction that maps an Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.
premises
(PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of premises of the Argument ?ARGUMENT.
when
A UnaryFunction that maps an Object or Process to the exact TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every TimePoint ?TIME outside of the TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.
abbreviation
(abbreviation ?STRING ?THING) means that ?STRING is an abbreviation used to refer to ?THING. Abbreviations include acronyms and other abbreviated forms.
(abstractCounterpart ?AB ?PHYS relates a Physical entity to an Abstract one which is an idealized model in some dimension of the Physical entity. For example, an Abstract GraphNode could be stated to be the counterpart of an actual Computer in a ComputerNetwork.
abstract part
part
A meronymy relation similar to part, but for abstract rather than physical things.
(address ?AGENT ?ADDRESS) means that ?ADDRESS is an address or part of an address for the Agent ?AGENT.
(agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.
ancestor
The transitive closure of the parent predicate. (ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the parent of ?DESCENDANT or the parent of the parent of DESCENDANT or etc.
(attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red).
before
(before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.
before or equal
(beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.
capacity
(capacity ?OBJ ?QUANTITY) means that ?OBJ can contain something that has the measure of ?QUANTITY. This predicate denotes maximal capacity, i.e. ?OBJ can hold no more than ?QUANTITY. Note, however, that this does not mean that capacity is a SingleValuedRelation, since an object may have various maximal capacities across different dimensions, e.g. a particular box may have a capacity of 3 pounds and a capacity of 1 liter.
(cardinality ?SET ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER of elements in the SetOrClass ?SET.
catalyst
A relation between a ChemicalProcess and a Substance that acts to acelerate or enable the ChemicalProcess.
causes
The causation relation between instances of Process. (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2.
causes proposition
(causesProposition ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA1 causes, or mechanistically brings about, the state of affairs described by ?FORMULA2. Note that unlike entails, the time during which ?FORMULA2 holds cannot precede the time during which ?FORMULA1 holds, although ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 can hold simultaneously. Note, also, that causesProposition is a predicate, not a truth function. The following rule (contraposition) does not hold: (=> (causesProp ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) (causesProp (not ?FORMULA2) (not ?FORMULA1))).
causes subclass
The causation relation between subclasses of Process. (causesSubclass ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the subclass of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the subclass of Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (causesSubclass Killing Death).
conclusion
(conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT entails ?PROPOSITION.
conjugate
(conjugate ?COMPOUND1 ?COMPOUND2) means that ?COMPOUND1 and ?COMPOUND2 are identical CompoundSubstances except that one has one more Proton than the other.
connected
(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.
connected downstream
(connectedDownstream ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected, remotely or immediately, with ?OBJ2 along a directed system such as a RiverSystem.
consistent
(consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.
contains
The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of part should be used. (contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2.
controlled
(controlled ?EVENT ?OBJECT) means that during the AchievingControl denoted by ?EVENT, ?OBJECT comes to be physically controlled by an Agent.
cooccur
(cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the Object or Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the Object or Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.
crosses
(crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that Object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being connected to it.
date
A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process.
desires
(desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that desires is distinguished from wants only in that the former is a PropositionalAttitude, while wants is an ObjectAttitude.
direction
(direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving North.
disjoint
Classes are disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying IntersectionFn to them is empty.
disjoint relation
This predicate relates two Relations. (disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in common.
distributes
A BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.
duration
(duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical.
during
(during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2.
earlier
(earlier ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 ends before the TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2 begins.
element
(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set.
elevation
(elevation ?OBJECT ?HEIGHT) means that the physical Object ?OBJECT is located on the surface of PlanetEarth at the vertical distance ?HEIGHT above (or below, for a negative quantity) SeaLevel. ?OBJECT may be a superficialPart of Earth's surface, such as a GeographicArea. Elevation is measured from SeaLevel to the vertical top of the object.
entails
The operator of logical entailment. (entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.
equal
(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.
equivalence relation on
A BinaryPredicate is an equivalenceRelationOn a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass and it is both a TransitiveRelation and a SymmetricRelation.
equivalent content class
A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingPhysical. (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1).
equivalent content instance
A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingPhysical. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).
fills
Holes can be filled. (fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the Object ?OBJ fills the Hole ?HOLE. Note that fills here means perfectly filled. Perfect fillers and fillable entities have no parts in common (rather, they may occupy the same spatial region).
finishes
(finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same ending TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.
flows
(flows ?FLUID1 ?FLUID2) means that the Physical ?FLUID1 moves towards the Physical ?FLUID2, to which it is connected.
frequency
(frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.
geographic subregion
(geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE.
geometric part
(geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the GeometricFigure ?WHOLE.
geopolitical subdivision
(geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2, that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea.
granularity
Granularity is a sub-property of the timing requirements property of real-time systems. Granularity is defined by how a timing requirement is specified in units of time.
graph part
A basic relation for Graphs and their parts. (graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a GraphArc or GraphNode of the Graph ?GRAPH.
has purpose
This Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the Predicates hasPurpose and result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal, a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.
(hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a Hole in ?OBJ. A Hole is a fillable body located at the surface an Object.
inhabits
A very basic notion of living within something else. (inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence (either permanent or temporary), nest, etc. of ?ORGANISM.
inhibits
A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
initially contains part
Every instance of the second argument initially contains an instance of the first argument, even though it might lose that part later in its lifetime. Every normal human starts life with an appendix for example. While the whole must initially contain such a part, this does not say that each part necessarily initially exists as part of such a whole. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to part.
instance
An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness.
interior part
(interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2.
involved in event
(involvedInEvent ?EVENT ?THING) means that in the Process ?EVENT, the Entity ?THING plays some CaseRole.
located
(located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ.
material
(material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare part and its subrelations, viz component and piece.
measure
A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular PhysicalQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be a term produced with the Function MeasureFn.
member
A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.
member type
(memberType ?GROUP ?TYPE) means that all the members of the Collection ?GROUP belong to the SetOrClass ?TYPE.
meronym
A relation similar to WordNet meronymy relation. If class A is a meronym of class B, it means that instances of A typically are parts of instances of B.
modal attribute
A BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a Proposition. (modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (modalAttribute (exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (and (instance ?ACT Giving) (agent ?ACT John) (patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (destination ?ACT Tom))) Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.
models
A relation signaling that certain model is convenient for modeling of certain class of devices.
moves
(moves ?MOTION ?OBJECT) means that during the Motion event ?MOTION, ?OBJECT moves. This does not necessarily imply that the location of ?OBJECT changes during ?MOTION. See also changesLocation and Translocation.
older
(older ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is older than ?OBJ2, i.e. the age of ?OBJ1 is greaterThan the age of ?OBJ2.
operator
(operator ?OBJECT ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT determines how ?OBJECT is used, either by directly or indirectly operating it.
origin
(origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.
overlaps partially
(overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a part of the other.
overlaps spatially
(overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation.
overlaps temporally
(overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a TimeInterval as a common part.
parent
The general relationship of parenthood. (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.
The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself.
partial ordering on
A BinaryPredicate is a partial ordering on a SetOrClass only if the relation is reflexiveOn the SetOrClass, and it is both an AntisymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.
partially fills
(partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one.
partly located
(partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is an immediate subrelation of located.
path
(path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.
penetrates
(penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth).
possesses
Relation that holds between an Agent and an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object.
precondition
A very general Predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists.
premise
(premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the Argument ?ARGUMENT.
prevents
A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
proper part
(properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation).
properly fills
(properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that properlyFills is the dual of completelyFills, and is so related to partiallyFills that ?OBJ properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense). Every hole is connected with everything with which a proper filler of the hole is connected. Every proper part of a perfect filler of (a part of) a hole properly fills (that part of) that hole.
realization
A subrelation of represents. (realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem.
slice of figure
(sliceOfFigure ?SLICE ?FIGURE) indicates that ?SLICE is a 2-d section of the 3-d figure ?FIGURE. Or, more formally, ?SLICE is 2-d figure formed by the intersection of a plane with the 3-d figure ?FIGURE.
starts
(starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.
(holdsDuring ?T1 (states ?AGENT ?SENTENCE)) means that at time ?T1, ?AGENT is the agent of a LinguisticCommunication in which the patient is ?SENTENCE. Note that ?SENTENCE could be a Formula.
sub attribute
Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.
sub collection
(subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2.
sub graph
The relation between two Graphs when one Graph is a part of the other. (subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.
(subLanguage ?Language-1 ?Language-2) means that ?Language-1 is included in, or subsumed by, ?Language-2. Since subLanguage is a ReflexiveRelation, every Language is a subLanguage of itself.
sub list
(subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore - the list of prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]).
sub plan
(subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context.
sub process
(subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process.
sub proposition
(subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content.
(subString ?SymbolicString-1 ?SymbolicString-2) means that ?SymbolicString-1 is part of ?SymbolicString-2. ?SymbolicString-2 includes all the same Characters as ?SymbolicString-1 and in the same order, but ?SymbolicString-2 may include more Characters than ?SymbolicString-1. See also inString.
sub system
(subSystem ?SUB ?SYSTEM) means that the PhysicalSystem ?SUB is a part of the PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.
subrelation
(subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a Relation and its subrelations must have the same valence.
successor attribute
(successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.
successor attribute closure
The transitive closure of successorAttribute. (successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.
superficial part
(superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn.
surface
(surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.
system part
(systemPart ?PART ?SYSTEM) means that the Physical thing ?PART is a SystemElement in the PhysicalSystem ?SYSTEM.
task
(task ?Process ?Task) means that ?Task is a function to be performed by the ComputerProcess ?Process.
temporal part
The temporal analogue of the spatial part predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself.
time
This relation holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.
transported
(transported ?EVENT ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ is transported (carried/moved to a different physical location) in the Transportation ?EVENT.
traverses
(traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that crosses and penetrates are subrelations of traverses.
typical part
An instance of the first argument is typically found as part of an instance of the second argument. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to part. Note that this does not imply that such wholes typically have such parts.
typically contains part
An instance of the second argument typically contains an instance of the first argument. This is a class-level relation roughly corresponding to part. Note that this does not imply that such parts typically have such wholes.
uses
(uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles agent and instrument.
wants
(wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.
width
BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an Object from side to side at its widest span.
abstract
Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.
agent
Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.
Instances of AgentPatientProcess have at least one agent and at least one patient. Unlike instances of IntentionalProcess, the agent need not be a CognitiveAgent. Cf. other high-level subclasses of Process, such as DualObjectProcess, InternalChange, and Motion.
agreement
Agreement is the class of Propositions that express the contents of agreements entered into by CognitiveAgents. Agreement includes treaties, contracts, purchase orders, pledges, marriage vows, etc. An Agreement may be written down in a document or other ContentBearingObject.
angle measure
The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid.
area measure
Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions.
argument
Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion.
artifact
An Object that is the product of a Making.
attribute
Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object.
biologically active substance
A Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an Organism. This Class includes Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This Class also includes Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity.
body motion
Any Motion where the agent is an Organism and the patient is a BodyPart.
body substance
Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an Organism. Included here are Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, hormones, and gastric acid.
bubble
A globe which has a Liquid surface and which contains a Gas.
class
Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances.
A ClassificationScheme is a conceptual structure, an abstract arrangement of concepts and the relations that link them.
cognitive agent
A SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents.
collection
Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep.
conductor substance
A Substance that readily conducts electricity.
constant quantity
A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that has a constant value, e.g. 3 Meters and 5 HourDurations. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantity is distinguished from FunctionQuantity, in that each instance of the latter is formed through the mapping of one PhysicalQuantity to another PhysicalQuantity. Each instance of ConstantQuantity is expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters is expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). Instances of ConstantQuantity form a partial order (see PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities).
The class Constitution includes the bodies of abstract principles formulated to guide the laws, institutions and practices of various Governments. Also see ConstitutionDocument.
content bearing object
Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase.
content bearing physical
Any Object or Process that expresses content. This covers Objects that contain a Proposition, such as a book, as well as ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly contain a Proposition.
content bearing process
Any Process, for example ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a Proposition.
corpuscular object
A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole.
dual object process
Any Process that requires two, nonidentical patients.
electrical process
A Process in which electrical interactions take place
electricity
While electricity is typically thought of as just a difference in electrical potential, one way of modeling electricity is as a substance that can be moved from one point to another or consumed. One could make the claim that subatomic physics also supports the classification as a substance since electrons are objects.
epoch
An instant in time that is arbitrarily selected as a point of reference.
equation
a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal.
flow region
FlowRegion is a class of things whose boundaries are relatively stable but whose constitutive material is continuously moving through the region itself and being replaced by other, similar material. Each FlowRegion is constituted by a stream of matter moving as a whole. A FlowRegion may be liquid or gaseous. A wind may be considered as a Process or as a FlowRegion, similarly an OceanCurrent or a WaterWave. The motion process associated with a FlowRegion F is denoted by (FlowFn F). Note that certain properties belong to the FlowRegion itself (e.g., mass, length, volume, temperature, and speed or velocity of the region moving as a whole), while other properties of interest belong to the Motion of its constitutive stuff (e.g., velocity, direction). The motion of a FlowRegion as a whole (e.g., JetStream moves within the atmosphere) is distinguished from the motion of the pieces of stuff constituting the FlowRegion. See FlowFn and FlowRegionFn.
A subclass of TimeDependentQuantity, instances of which are measures of the frequency with which some Process occurs.
function quantity
A FunctionQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which are instances of ConstantQuantity) to values of distance (also instances of ConstantQuantity). Note that all elements of the range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself.
geographic area
A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under GeographicArea.
graph
The Class of graphs, where a graph is understood to be a set of GraphNodes connected by GraphArcs. Note that this Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a GraphPath between any two GraphNodes. Note too that every Graph is required to contain at least two GraphArcs and three GraphNodes.
group
A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.
hole
A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any two hosts of a hole have a common proper part that entirely hosts the hole. A common host of two holes hosts all parts of the sum of those holes. Any object that includes the host of a hole is a host of that hole, unless its parts also include parts of that very hole. Overlapping holes have overlapping hosts. No hole is atomic. Holes are connected with their hosts. No hole can have a proper part that is externally connected with exactly the same things as the hole itself.
information measure
Measures of the amount of information. Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and MegaByte.
intentional process
A Process that has a specific purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it.
internal attribute
Any Attribute of an Entity that is an internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc.
internal change
Processes which involve altering an internal property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location.
latitude
Latitude is the class of Regions, associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are parallels measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the Equator.
length measure
A subclass of ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of length.
linguistic expression
This is the subclass of ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related. Note that this Class encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, e.g. Words.
longitude
Longitude is the class of Regions, associated with areas on the Earth's surface, which are meridians measured in PlaneAngleDegrees from the PrimeMeridian through GreenwichEnglandUK.
mass measure
A subclass of ConstantQuantity, instances of which are measures of the amount of matter in an Object.
mechanical process
A Process in which mechanical interactions take place
method
a way of doing something, esp. a systematic one; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps).
mineral
Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.
mixture
A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete.
model
An abstract object that models certain aspect of a physical object, is subject to abstraction and idealization.
motion
Any Process of movement.
natural process
A Process that take place in nature spontanously.
natural substance
Any Substance that is not the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.
nest
Any structure which is created by nonhuman Animals for the purpose of giving birth to their offspring.
noxious substance
NoxiousSubstance is the class of Substances that are harmful to Humans.
number
A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber.
object
Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis.
organic object
This class encompasses Organisms, CorpuscularObjects that are parts of Organisms, i.e. BodyParts, and CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by Organisms, e.g. ReproductiveBodies.
A SelfConnectedObject that is produced by a non-intentional process from an Organism. Note that this refers only to the primary cause. That is, a PlantAgriculturalProduct is firstly produced by a Plant, and only secondarily by a Human that is tending the plant.
organism
Generally, a living individual, including all Plants and Animals.
perimeter area
A PerimeterArea is a region that extends outward from a boundary with another region, surrounding or partially surrounding it, but which is not part of that other region. See BorderFn and PerimeterAreaFn.
physical
An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time.
physical dimension
A physical dimension such as length, mass, force etc.
physical quantity
A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). Every PhysicalQuantity is either a ConstantQuantity or FunctionQuantity. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances of ConstantQuantity (e.g., a TimeDependentQuantity is a FunctionQuantity). Although the name and definition of PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, a PhysicalQuantity need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. A PhysicalQuantity is distinguished from a pure Number by the fact that the former is associated with a dimension of measurement.
physical system
PhysicalSystem is the class of complex Physical things. A PhysicalSystem may have one or more corresponding abstract Graph representations.
plan
A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.
plane angle measure
The value of an angle in a plane.
plant agricultural product
PlantAgriculturalProduct is the class of AgriculturalProducts that are vegetable in nature, in the widest sense, e.g., fruits, grains, green vegetables, cotton, linen, flowers, wine, and hops.
procedure
A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.
process
The class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that occurs in time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.
process task
A function to be performed.
product
An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture.
proposition
Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form
pure substance
The Class of Substances with constant composition. A PureSubstance can be either an element (ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2).
quantity
Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much).
region
A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another.
relation
The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.
relational attribute
Any Attribute that an Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes.
resonance
a vibration of large amplitude produced by a relatively small vibration near the same frequency of vibration as the natural frequency of the resonating system.
self connected object
A SelfConnectedObject is any Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.
sentient agent
An Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not also CognitiveAgents.
set
A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more than once in the Set.
set or class
The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or instances.
SingleAgentProcess is the Class of all Processes that require exactly one agent in order to occur.
solid angle measure
The value of an angle in a solid.
sonar
Something that emits and receives sound for the purpose of locating and tracking distant objects. Note that this covers both manmade devices and BodyParts such as the sonar of bats and dolphins.
space region
The class of all Regions which are not GeographicAreas.
substance
An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water.
synthetic substance
Any Substance that is the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans.
time dependent quantity
A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a TimeDependentQuantity, since its value depends on the time.
time duration
Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline.
time interval
An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.
time measure
The class of temporal durations (instances of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition).
time point
An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint lasts.
time position
Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity.
transfer
Any instance of Translocation where the agent and the patient are not the same thing.
translocation
Translocation is that class of Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary, Ambulating is a kind of Translocation.
transportation
Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice.
two dimensional object
A real-world physical object with a very flat aspect. This includes drawings on paper, cave paintings and other surface alterations.
unary constant functionquantity
A subclass of FunctionQuantity, instances of which are returned by UnaryFunctions that map from one instance of the Class ConstantQuantity to another instance of the Class ConstantQuantity.
uniform perimeter area
A UniformPerimeterArea is one that has a defined uniform width.
unit of measure
A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental, rather, a system of units (e.g. SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each.
volume measure
Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions.
A Function that returns the BiologicalAgent composed of the given Organism in a Solution of Mixture.
agriculture
(AgricultureFn ?PRODUCT) denotes the subclass of Agriculture processes in which the AgriculturalProduct ?PRODUCT is cultivated.
The Dead counterpart to the particular live organism. For example HumanCorpse is (DeadFn Human). Note that the dead counterpart may not have all the original parts of the live object. For example, a CutFlower will lack the roots of a FloweringPlant.
A Function that denotes SelfConnectedObject containing Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a the given class of living Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue.
(ReceivingAnObjectFn ?CLASS) denotes a subclass of Getting, all instances of which have some instance of ?CLASS as the object received (patient).
(TransportationFn ?TYPE) denotes the subclass of Transportation events in which a TransportationDevice of ?TYPE is the vehicle.